Tactical Candy: CQB Principles

[SAS_Random]

Even the simplest tasks must be practiced from time to time or you lose your sharpness. Everyone can come up with something they do where they can relate to this statement, and it makes our adherence to tactical principles even more important, so I wanted to take a minute to review some key points.

Read the situation:
You need to take in a snapshot of the situation and be able to translate what you observe, determine your role, decide what you must do to accomplish your responsibility and then just do it--immediately. There is always something to do, even if it's just providing cover. Determine if you are the free man and take the initiative to handcuff compliant subjects.

Get familiar with your team mates:
The more you train with someone, the more you can anticipate what they will do in a given situation. If we all train on the same principles, then we can become interchangeable within the element and our efforts will be smooth and efficient. An old saying I'm constantly reminded of in many things sounds like it shouldn't be true, but on a deeper level, it's spot on. "Slow is smooth. Smooth is quick." Wait a minute, you say? How can slow be quick? Being decisive and deliberate gets you to be more efficient. Efficiency allows things to be done without wasted effort or time. Being familiar with things allows this efficiency and effectiveness and in a CQB environment, it's a distinct advantage.

Cover angles and not bodies:
Take in the whole snapshot of the situation or, on a smaller scale, your area of responsibility. Whether or not there is a threat in your area, new threats may pop up at any time. You need to not have tunnel vision or lock onto any one thing. You need to be able to react to any changes and still see what's going on with the rest of your team. If your partner is incapacitated and you are tunneled in on your area only, you will not see this and may meet the same fate. I'm not saying to not trust your partner, but if he's dead or taken out, he can't really keep you covered, can he?

Fluid Movement:
In order to move and flow through an area, you must read the room and the situation and you must react to what the rest of your team is doing. It's especially important to know what the man in front of you is doing during a dynamic entry. Your move should be logical and based on his movement. Everyone should be focused on the same things: Establishing a POD (point of dominance) in the room or advancing through the area without undue delay; Identifying and prioritizing threats; covering areas of potential threat or compromise; securing the room or area; reforming for the team to advance or retreat. Even when you think the man in front of you has chosen incorrectly, you must adapt to cover anything that has been left uncovered. Oh, yeah, all of this must happen in under two seconds. Hey, I didn't say this would be easy.

Effective use of cover and concealment:
If you are the point man, don't expose yourself to an area that your team is not in a position to support you from. Don't be the bonehead who rushes into a confrontation that your team is not in a situation of advantage. For that reason, you should not venture into uncleared areas and assume your team can follow you. Wait for orders before advancing.

Use corners, open doors, furnishings and walls for concealment. Remember, sometimes things are really only concealment and not much cover. Cubicle partitions are a good example of items that are really just concealment because bullets can penetrate them.

Don't move without a destination or without adequate coverage.

Use of distance:
Distance can be your friend. It can give you time and space. Both are valued commodities in CQB. Often you can observe a threat without being observed. Make the most of these situations to plan your next move. If you are checking a corner, blind spot or doorway get as much separation as you can from it and conduct your angular search. You will have many advantages when you do this, not the least of which is a fairly complete snapshot of the situation you are about to enter.

Move swiftly through funnels:
It's a good principle to not pose like a paper target for your enemy. Get through danger zones quickly. Long Hallways, narrow vestibules, doorways, etc are all choke-points. They can quickly make for a bad day. Make it harder on your enemy, not easier. Do the unexpected.

Principles are much more useful than a set of instructions on how to get from point A to point B. This is why we focus on principles in our SOPs and less on step by step tactics. Let your experiences be your guide. Stick to the principles and you will usually prevail.

I hope this wasn't too much review, but sometimes it's helpful to hear things again that you maybe have forgotten to use as much as you might be able to.

*****************
Additional CQB DOs and DON'Ts

There are some simple guidelines/tactics that work well in CQB. I thought I would add them here.

Don't:
1. over penetrate the room (the EL may have instructions for the next section).
2. breach/expose yourself to blind corners (you are fighting alone without cover).
3. run through the area darting left and right around each obstruction until you find the next door (you are crossing lines of fire including those of the enemy who may begin to spray and pray putting the rest of your team into jeopardy while they are otherwise occupied with their existing PoDs).
4. pursue fleeing tangos around corners (ambush? remember not to swallow the bait of a retreating enemy force)
5. change the open/closed status of any door forward of your team's progress (you are announcing your presence and position. Think about this...if you close a door...when will your assault come? Answer: When you open the door again. They will be ready for you. If you leave it open, they have no idea when your are coming!)

Do:
1. send the point man to the wide side (3rd man will deploy his tactical aid over your head, then you can more safely move to that unknown area).
2. add a 3rd man to the assault team and have him prepare a stand-by tactical aid for use around that blind corner or hide-away.
3. drop fleeing tangos before they get to a blind corner or leave the room.
4. establish a PoD and cover uncleared directions
5. quickly enter rooms following all tactical aids (nothing worse than having your team walk into a room as the effects of the tac aid are fading--make the most of your advantage and move swiftly to your PoD)
6. relax and await further instructions
7. take the room in sections (you can still be in dynamic mode while stopped. have the discipline to let the room dictate the pace).
8. make use of multiple entry points when they are available and when you have sufficient numbers to make use of them.
9. use diversionary explosives to mask your primary entry (there is nothing like an explosion to the other side to help your team get through their true entry point).

[SAS_Random]

I added some stuff to this post, so take another look, if you are interested.

[SAS_Random]

Just as a tease, Orion and I are working on a condensed room clearing guide and will be getting some short ingame videos and screenshots for examples, so you can see it in action . Should be released in the next one to two weeks. Guaranteed before Ready or Not ;')

[SAS_Random]

Update: the document is ready. We have a list of screen shots we need and short videos we need to shoot which support the document. I can't post the document in the downloads section. I guess word docs are not allowed.

I just noticed that this is my 100th post on SOG forums. Hoorah!

[Matt]

[quote=""SAS_Random""]Update: the document is ready. We have a list of screen shots we need and short videos we need to shoot which support the document. I can't post the document in the downloads section. I guess word docs are not allowed.

I just noticed that this is my 100th post on SOG forums. Hoorah![/quote]Nice thread. Interesting read. When you're ready let me know for what we discussed in the server

Sent from my SM-G950F using Tapatalk

[SAS_Random]

I'll post the document, since Orion and Columbo have had an opportunity to review and they are satisfied with things to this point....

Room and structure clearing tactics are meant to keep adversaries guessing, and in turn, prevent them from acting before the entry team is able to dominate the room and neutralize the threat. Humans take action following a four step process of observing, orienting, deciding, and acting. This process is known as the OODA loop. https://www.officer.com/training-career ... ve-tactics We want our operators to be able to cycle through the loops faster than the adversary, and use tactical coordination to prevent the opponent from cycling through their OODA loops unimpeded. The three basic advantages that must be pressed are surprise, speed, and violence of action. In order to bring these to bear on any opposing force, tactics must be developed, trained, validated, refined, and trained some more until they are consistently repeated and become reflexive and instinctual.
Fortunately, room clearing is relatively simple when a team is selected, trained, and equipped properly. In the gaming world, many of the real life tactics and principles can either be used directly or modified to fit given parameters. This is meant to be a guide to successful room clearing for SWAT4 series games.
Teams may be any size, but the best teams consist of numbers in the three to six range. Point is up front, Cover has his back, the Lead runs the show, the Breacher uses explosives or breaching shotgun, the Trailer helps clean up, and the Rear maintains watch over the entry team's back.
Room clearing begins with the team stacked at an entry. With any luck, skill, or combination of both, the team reaches the entry point undetected. A typical stack formation consists of: Point, Cover, Lead, Breacher, and Rear. In three person teams, the lead also has the Rear role. In teams of four, the Rear has Breacher duties. Trailers would be situated between the Breacher and the Rear. Trailers may also assist with rear security when not needed to support the entry.
There are two basic room configurations: corner fed and center fed. Of course there are countless interior configurations within rooms. There are visible and blind corners--sometimes known as soft and hard corners or easy and hard corners. This is important because, in general, the Point will enter and move in the direction of one of the near blind corners. A corner fed room has a door near a corner, and therefore only one near blind corner at the opposite end. A center fed room has a door more central to the room's layout--resulting in two near blind corners. In these rooms, it's not always known which direction the Point will choose, so the Cover needs to read and react. Rooms also have weak sides and strong or heavy sides. The side that has the largest surface area is the strong/heavy side.
Within the room there are sometimes additional corners due to obstructions, partitions, or the like. These are known as following or follow-on corners. These must also be cleared before the all clear signal(video) is given.
To consider a room clear, the entry team must establish points of dominance within the room that establish interlocking and/or overlapping fields of fire or sectors. The larger rooms obviously require larger teams and deeper penetration along the near and side walls by the first two assaulters. Smaller rooms can be dominated with fewer assaulters and minimal penetration.




We will now explore how to clear different types of rooms of common configurations, the keys principles of room clearing remain unchanged:
• Do not move without a purpose or destination
• Get through doorways quickly
• Move opposite of the man ahead of you
• Move along the walls
• Establish points of dominance
• Do not sweep your muzzle across a friendly (video)
• Stay out of the middle
• Communicate (video)
• Secure the area
• Clean the area
• Confirm rear security before advance or exit
Corner Fed Rooms (video)
• Stack to the side of the door with the knob
• Point takes hard corner back along the knob side wall
• Cover moves forward, but glances behind the door on the way
• Third man follows Point and sweeps from center toward Point's sector
• Fourth assists by sweeping from center toward Cover's sector
Center Fed Rooms (video)
• Stack to the side of the door with the knob
• Point rides the door across the opening to the hinge side hard corner
(In SWAT, the doors only open 90 degrees, so Point should always take the knob side hard corner)
• Cover moves to opposite hard corner
• Third man follows Point and sweeps from center toward Point's sector
• Fourth assists by sweeping from center toward Cover's sector

T-Shaped and L-Shaped Rooms
In Ts, Point and Cover may each end up taking two consecutive hard corners on their chosen side depending upon if the funnel leading to the T is set up like a corner or center fed room.
In Ls, the person on the strong side will wait for backup or for the Lead to give the order to proceed to his follow-on hard corner. (video)
In both cases, the assaulters should communicate that they're moving on, or the Lead should give the command to proceed beyond the initial entry and first points of dominance(video) if the advance bogs down.
Partitions, barricades, and other physical obstructions will alter the flow of the room. It's important to plan for what is known, communicate what is new, as well as what your intentions are. It may also be advisable to halt the advance and allow the Lead to make the decision. Often the Lead has a more complete picture of the entire tactical situation and can get things moving again with a couple of quick commands.
Sometimes, if surprise is lost, the team is out of tac-aids, and the enemy has its focus on the entryway, a minimal or zero penetration room clearing method(video) is advisable. In this method, the entry team engages the room from the outside using the walls and door frame for concealment and/or cover. Walls, in general, are considered concealment, but near the doorway, where the framing is built up to support the door, it can be partial cover as well. Fortunately, in SWAT4, walls are absolute cover, so this tactic is very useful. The Point may begin to slice the pie(video) from a short distance away from the doorway, and he may engage targets as he comes to them. The closer Point is to the door framing, the better his cover will be, the trade-off is that the further away he is from the frame, the better his concealment will be. In reality, presentation of your weapon may be manipulated. For example, depending upon which side of the door frame a member is situated, he may shoulder his weapon left or right handed. He may hold his weapon closer to his body in a high-ready position to delay flagging to the final instant before entry. He may transition to his side arm and use only one hand to aim into a hard corner, etc. In the game, this is not possible, and combined with the fact that walls are definite cover, the use of increased distance from the opening is very advantageous. Using this method, nearly the entire room may be cleared, except the extreme near hard corners, without ever stepping through the doorway. The Point and Cover may use a hi-lo cross or button hook(video) to clear the final corners, if there is no door attached to the opening or if the room occupants have previously swung the door outward into the hall. When a door has been swung into the room, a standard Point / Cover entry may be advised.
Tactical Aid Deployment
Any grenade is more effective when the duration between the door being opened / breached and the deployment of the grenade is minimized. (show video example of good and bad deployment)
Flashbangs are effectively used to give the entry team a few critical moments to get through an entryway and into a room. The two most effective deployments are: near the doorway(video), to blind adversaries that have their focus on the doorway hoping to prevent the entry team from dominating a room or area, and air detonations(video) to ensure obstructions within the room don't block the light effect. Bouncing flashbangs off the door may find themselves in a corner or under an obstruction with limited effectiveness. The other benefit of flashbangs is their effectiveness is good against mask-equipped or unprotected adversaries .
CS gas can be a good choice when the room is determined to have obstructions that might contraindicate the use of flashbangs. The effective duration of CS gas is much longer than that of a flashbang. Gas can also be effective to control or limit the ability of the opposition to get reinforcements to the point of attack. (video)
If time permits, or if the team is moving covertly, an opti-wand can be used to get a very clear understanding of the tactical situation facing the entry team. The most realistic use of the opti-wand comes when a team remains undetected and checks all accessible doors before committing to a specific entry point, or checks as many closed doors and open doorways as possible without becoming compromised. Wand a room; clear a room may be effective in game, but would present challenges if applied in a true tactical deployment. Opti-wands are often overlooked and very useful to probe corners, Ts, open doorways, over half-walls, up a flight of stairs, through a window, around obstructions, etc. The more intel that can be gathered, the more the entry team may leverage its advantage.
(cont...)

The differences in deployment and effectiveness between breaching charges and shotgun breaches are obvious. If the team is in dynamic mode and has no opportunity to wand the area, the breaching shotgun is both faster and results in less potential for injuring room occupants. When the area around the door is clear, the explosive charge can really disorient anyone in medium proximity to the door. (video of time difference between c2 bang and clear and shotgun bang and clear)
As with simple dry entries, when using grenades and/or breaching devices, it's best to minimize the time between opening/breaching and the detonation of any grenade applied to support the entry, and get the team through the doorway quickly. In order to achieve the proper timed release of the primed grenade to a shotgun breach of a door, release the grenade upon visual confirmation that the door is in motion—not on the sound of the shotgun discharge. We have all seen failed shotgun breaches followed by the tac aid bouncing back toward the entry team. In small units, where tac aids are limited, it’s preferred not to waste this gear.
To time the release of the grenade with the C2 detonation, watch the physical countdown presented by the breacher and release in a ‘3…2…1…release’ pattern. (video) If done to perfection, the grenade will be in flight as the door blows in. Additional grenades may be used in the same range, or even deployed deeply into an area to maximize disorientation throughout the room.
When multiple C2 charges are used to gain entry into a room, the detonations may either be synced, or staggered. Sometimes a staggered detonation may be beneficial to call attention away from the doorway being used by the entry team. When assaulting multiple rooms in the same hall, it is best to sync the detonations to take down the rooms simultaneously to give the adversaries no time to harden their defense. Teams at different entries may also want to coordinate assaults on multiple floors, or main and rear entries with synced or staggered C2 or shotgun breaches. Synced breaches are simply achieved by having a set point at which the plungers or the triggers are to be pressed. In SWAT, it’s easiest to coordinate with a GO,GO,GO command where the Breachers initiate their devices in a GO… GO… GO… PRESS sequence(video).
It is our intention to show many of the key elements of room clearing in a series of chat-captioned screen shots and short videos. Often it’s easier to see a tactic than to read it and try to visualize what the writer was trying to convey. The intention is that anyone may use this guide to improve their game play and enjoyment of SWAT4, or any other tactical shooter platform. We hope this guide is useful. Enjoy.